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Shown in Fig. 1c, Dou-gongs in the Dou-gong layer are categorized according to the different constraints: the Dou-gong located above the corner column is called Zhuan-jiao, the Dou-gong located above the side column is called Zhu-tou, and the Dou-gong located above the Fang between columns is called Bu-jian. Bu-jian is the most numerous Dou-gong in the Dou-gong layer, so the study of a typical Dou-gong is carried out based on its features, constraints and loading conditions.As shown in Fig. 2, in this study, a simplified modeling method of Dou-gong is proposed through four stages. In stage I, a typical Dou-gong is designed based on real features by conducting a research on Dou-gongs’ feature in the Chinese traditional timber buildings built in the Song and Yuan Dynasties (960–1368 AD). In stage II, the experimental study and refined finite-element model analysis are carried out to analyze the load transferring mechanism of Dou-gong. The experimental study provides the basis for verification of the simplified model in stage IV, while finite-element analysis provides the basis for the force flow analysis in stage III. In stage III, the simplified method is proposed, which includes extracting simplified model members through force flow analysis, calculating member dimensions and setting constraints and loading conditions. In stage IV, the simplified method is verified by comparing the simplified model with the experimental model. Through this study, for the Dou-gong that is similar in real features to the typical Dou-gong designed in stage I, the simplified method in stage III can be used to establish a reliable and efficient finite-element calculation model.Fig. 2Flow chart of the studyFull size imageTypical Dou-gong model designThis section explores some Chinese traditional timber buildings built in the Song and Yuan dynasties (960–1368 AD). The characteristics of Dou-gongs are sorted out to summarize the typical Dou-gong model.The basic structure of Dou-gongDou-gongs of traditional timber buildings built in the Song and Yuan dynasties are the classic Dou-gongs. They are similar to those in Japanese and South Korean traditional timber buildings. They mainly consist of Dou, Gong, Ang and other additional components (Fig. 3).Fig. 3Dou-gong componentsFull size imageGong can be divided into two types according to position. One is Hua-gong in the x-direction used as a load-bearing member; the other is Heng-gong in the y-direction which plays the stabilization role. Dou is divided into four types, including Lu-dou at the bottom of Dou-gong, Jiao-hu-dou at the end of Gong and Ang, Qi-xin-Dou at the middle of Heng-gong, and San-dou at the end of Heng-gong. Ang is an inclined member, including Xia-Ang and Shang-ang. The other members mainly include Shua-tou, Xue-xie, Hua-tou-zi, Dian mu, and Fang.The progressing layers of Dou-gong’s overhanging are achieved by Hua-gong and Ang. The overhanging from Lu-dou to the inside or outside of Hua-gong or Ang is called a Tiao. Each layer of Dou-gong is called Pu-zuo. It shows the overlapping relationship between Dou, Gong, and other members. In general, the number of Tiao is equal to the number of Hua-gong plus the number of Ang,

IntroductionThe Senegal national anthem, known as “Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons” in French or “Everyone, Pluck Your Koras, Strike the Balafons” in English, is a powerful and inspiring composition that holds immense cultural and historical significance for the people of Senegal. This article explores the complete lyrics, the significance of the anthem, its historical context, and its contemporary relevance.LyricsThe complete original lyrics of the Senegal national anthem are as follows:Pincez tous vos koras, frappez les balafons!Le lion rouge a rugi.Le dompteur de la brousseD’un bond s’est élancé,En fumée s’est dissipéLe sage a dit la vérité.Fouladou, dou, dou, yireFouladou, dou, dou, yireFouladou, dou, dou, yireFouladou, dou, dou, yireFouladou, dou, dou, yireFouladou, dou, dou, yireFouladou, dou, dou, yireFouladou, dou, dou, yireSignificanceThe Senegal national anthem holds deep significance for the Senegalese people as it symbolizes their unity, strength, and resilience. The lyrics evoke a sense of national pride and highlight the rich cultural heritage of Senegal. The anthem serves as a reminder of the country’s history and the struggles faced by its people, while also inspiring hope for a brighter future.Historical ContextThe Senegal national anthem was adopted shortly after the country gained independence from France on April 4, 1960. It was written by Léopold Sédar Senghor, who was not only a renowned poet but also the first President of Senegal. Senghor’s choice of the kora, a traditional West African string instrument, and the balafon, a wooden percussion instrument, in the lyrics reflects his desire to celebrate Senegal’s cultural heritage and promote a sense of national identity.Contemporary RelevanceThe Senegal national anthem continues to hold immense contemporary relevance in the country. It is regularly performed at national events, sports competitions, and official ceremonies, serving as a unifying force for the Senegalese people. The anthem’s powerful lyrics and uplifting melody evoke a sense of pride and patriotism among the citizens, fostering a strong sense of national unity.Furthermore, the anthem has also transcended national boundaries and gained recognition on the international stage. Senegal’s national football team, known as the Lions of Teranga, often sings the anthem before matches, inspiring both players and fans alike. The anthem’s message of unity and resilience resonates with people around the world, making it a symbol of African pride and strength.In addition to its musical and cultural significance, the Senegal national anthem holds a special place in the hearts of the Senegalese people. It serves as a reminder of their shared history, struggles, and triumphs, while also inspiring them to strive for a better future.Overall, the Senegal national anthem is a powerful and evocative composition that embodies the spirit of the Senegalese people. Its lyrics, significance, historical context, and contemporary relevance all contribute to its status as a cherished national symbol. Whether sung at national events or heard on the international stage, the anthem serves as a reminder of Senegal’s rich cultural heritage and the unity of its people.Video

Original Article Open access Published: 26 November 2024 Journal of Wood Science volume 70, Article number: 54 (2024) Cite this article AbstractDou-gong is important component of ancient timber buildings in China, Japan, and South Korea, etc. It has important decoration and load transferring functions. Due to its complex structure, Dou-gong is difficult to be fully analyzed in large-scale structured. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a reliable and simplified Dou-gong calculation model. In this study, some traditional Chinese timber buildings built in the Song and Yuan dynasties (960–1368 AD) are investigated, and the characteristics of the typical Dou-gong model are obtained. Experimental study and refined finite-element analysis of the typical Dou-gong model is then carried out to study the load transferring mechanism under horizontal load. Then, the load path is extracted from the force-flow perspective to establish a simplified beam element model. The simplified model is then numerically and experimentally verified. The results show that the simplified model has a good consistency with the experimental model, and it is suitable for large-scale structural analysis of ancient timber buildings. IntroductionDou-gong (Fig. 1) plays an important role in the overall structure of ancient timber buildings in China, Japan, and South Korea. It has a great decoration function, but also transfers the roof and horizontal loads [1]. However, Dou-gong has a special form and complex structural composition. Its mechanical properties are very different from the mechanical properties of a timber column, a timber beam, and a beam–column joint. Therefore, obtaining mechanical properties of Dou-gong is important for evaluating the structural performance of ancient timber buildings. In recent years, some scholars have used experimental research to determine typical failure modes of Dou-gong [2, 3], and studied its energy dissipation characteristics [4,5,6,7], joint stiffness [8, 9] and other characteristics. On the other hand, some scholars have studied the mechanical properties of Dou-gong through theoretical derivation and refined finite-element model analysis. According to the coordination of rocking and racking deformation and the existing method on backbone characterization of traditional timber elements, Wu et al. [10] established an analytical model on the lateral load–displacement relationship of Dou-gong joints. Based on the three-dimensional elastic–plastic damage constitutive model of wood, Wang et al. [11] carried out the finite-element model analysis on hysteretic behavior of Dou-gong. Due to the complex structure of Dou-gong, the calculation speed of the refined finite-element model analysis of Dou-gong is very slow, which is not suitable for large-scaled structural analysis. Therefore, some scholars [12,13,14,15] have tried to find a simplified method. Most of them used spring elements to simulate the semi-rigid characteristics of Dou-gong, but this method ignored the specific geometric structure of Dou-gong. Li et al. [16] used Euler beam to simulate the horizontal component of Dou-gong, and used multiple elastic links and multiple plastic links to simulate the vertical component. Although the geometric characteristics of Dou-gong were taken into account, the model was not optimized, making the simplified model too complex.Fig. 1Dou-gong layer in the main hall of the Tian-ning templeFull size imageAs